# Normal form of the Cusp bifurcation

We follow the paper[Kuznetsov] and consider a Cauchy problem

$$$\dot x=\mathbf F(x,p).$$$

We denote by $\mathbf L$ the jacobian of $\mathbf F$ at the bifurcation point $(x_0,p_0)$. We choose a basis such that:

$$$\mathbf L q=0, \quad \mathbf L^{T} p=0, \quad \langle p, q\rangle=1.$$$

Under some conditions, $x(t)\approx x_0+ w(t)q$ where $w$ satisfies the normal form:

$$$\dot{w}=c w^{3}+O\left(w^{4}\right).\tag{E}$$$

## Normal form computation

The normal form (E) can be automatically computed as follows

geNormalForm(br::ContResult, ind_bif::Int ; verbose = false, ζs = nothing, lens = br.param_lens)

br is a branch computed after a call to continuation with detection of bifurcation points enabled and ind_bif is the index of the bifurcation point on the branch br. The above call returns a point with information needed to compute the bifurcated branch. For more information about the optional parameters, we refer to getNormalForm. The result returns the following:

mutable struct Cusp{Tv, Tpar, Tlens, Tevr, Tevl, Tnf} <: AbstractBifurcationPoint
"Cusp point"
x0::Tv

"Parameters used by the vector field."
params::Tpar

"Parameter axis used to compute the branch on which this cusp point was detected."
lens::Tlens

"Right eigenvector"
ζ::Tevr

"Left eigenvector"
ζstar::Tevl

"Normal form coefficients"
nf::Tnf

"Type of bifurcation"
type::Symbol
end
Note

You should not need to call getNormalForm except if you need the full information about the branch point.

## References

• Kuznetsov

Kuznetsov, Yu. A. “Numerical Normalization Techniques for All Codim 2 Bifurcations of Equilibria in ODE’s.” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 36, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 1104–24. https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036142998335005.