Bogdanov-Takens refinement

In this page, we explain how to perform precise localisation of Bogdanov-Takens (BT) points. This is an unusual feature of numerical continuation libraries. We chose to implement it because the localisation of the BT points on the Hopf bifurcation curves is rather imprecise.

Method

The continuation of BT bifurcation points is based on a Minimally Augmented[Govaerts],[Blank],[Bindel] formulation which is an efficient way to detect singularities. The continuation of BT points is based on the formulation

\[G(u,p) = (F(u,p), g_1(u,p), g_2(u,p))\in\mathbb R^{n+2}\quad\quad (F_{bt})\]

where the test functions $g_1,g_2$ are solutions of

\[\left[\begin{array}{cc} dF(u,p) & w \\ v^{\top} & 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} v_1 \\ g_1(u,p) \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}0_{n} \\1\end{array}\right]\quad\quad (M_{bt})\]

and

\[\left[\begin{array}{cc} dF(u,p) & w \\ v^{\top} & 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} v_2 \\ g_2(u,p) \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}v_1 \\0\end{array}\right]\quad\quad (M_{bt})\]

and where $w,v$ are chosen in order to have a non-singular matrix $(M_{bt})$. More precisely, $v$ (resp. $w$) should be close to a null vector of dF(u,p) (resp. dF(u,p)').

note that there are very simplified calls for this, see Newton refinement below. In particular, you don't need to set up the Minimally Augmented problem yourself. This is done in the background.

Linear Method

You can pass the bordered linear solver to solve $(M_{bt})$ using the option bdlinsolver (see below). Note that the choice bdlinsolver = BorderingBLS() can lead to singular systems. Indeed, in this case, $(M_{bt})$ is solved by inverting dF(u,p) which is singular at Fold points.

Setting the jacobian

In order to apply the newton algorithm to $F_{bt}$, one needs to invert the jacobian. This is not completely trivial as one must compute this jacobian and then invert it. You can select the following jacobians for your computations (see below):

  • [Default] for jacobian_ma = :autodiff, automatic differentiation is applied to $F_{bt}$ and the matrix is then inverted using the provided linear solver. In particular, the jacobian is formed. This is very well suited for small dimensions (say < 100)
  • for jacobian_ma = :minaug, a specific procedure for evaluating the jacobian $F_{bt}$ and inverting it (without forming the jacobian!) is used. This is well suited for large dimensions.

Example

using Revise, BifurcationKit
Fbt(x, p) = [x[2], p.β1 + p.β2 * x[2] + p.a * x[1]^2 + p.b * x[1] * x[2]]
par = (β1 = 0.01, β2 = -0.3, a = -1., b = 1.)
prob  = BifurcationProblem(Fbt, [0.01, 0.01], par, (@lens _.β1))
opts_br = ContinuationPar(p_max = 0.5, p_min = -0.5, detect_bifurcation = 3, nev = 2)

br = continuation(prob, PALC(), opts_br; bothside = true)

# compute branch of Hopf points
hopf_codim2 = continuation(br, 3, (@lens _.β2), ContinuationPar(opts_br, detect_bifurcation = 1, max_steps = 40, max_bisection_steps = 25) ;
	detect_codim2_bifurcation = 2,
	update_minaug_every_step = 1,
	bothside = true,
	)

# refine BT point
solbt = BifurcationKit.newton_bt(hopf_codim2, 2)
solbt.u
Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation point at (:β1, :β2) ≈ (0.0, -2.0194839173657902e-28).
Normal form (B, p1 + p2⋅B + b⋅A⋅B + a⋅A²)
Normal form coefficients:
 a = missing
 b = missing

You can call various predictors:
 - predictor(::BogdanovTakens, ::Val{:HopfCurve}, ds)
 - predictor(::BogdanovTakens, ::Val{:FoldCurve}, ds)
 - predictor(::BogdanovTakens, ::Val{:HomoclinicCurve}, ds)

Newton refinement

Once a Bogdanov-Takens point has been detected after a call to br = continuation(...), it can be refined using newton iterations. Let us say that ind_bif is the index in br.specialpoint of a Bogdanov-Takens point. This guess can be refined as follows:

outfold = newton(br::AbstractBranchResult, ind_bif::Int;  
	normN = norm,
	options = br.contparams.newton_options,
	bdlinsolver = BorderingBLS(options.linsolver),
	jacobian_ma = :autodiff,
	start_with_eigen = false, kwargs...)

For the options parameters, we refer to Newton.

It is important to note that for improved performances, a function implementing the expression of the hessian should be provided. This is by far the fastest. BifurcationProblem provides it by default using AD though.

Advanced use

Here, we expose the solvers that are used to perform newton refinement. This is useful in case it is too involved to expose the linear solver options.

BifurcationKit.newton_btFunction
newton_bt(
    prob,
    btpointguess,
    par,
    lens2,
    eigenvec,
    eigenvec_ad,
    options;
    normN,
    jacobian_ma,
    usehessian,
    bdlinsolver,
    bdlinsolver_adjoint,
    bdlinsolver_block,
    kwargs...
)

This function turns an initial guess for a BT point into a solution to the BT problem based on a Minimally Augmented formulation. The arguments are as follows

  • prob::AbstractBifurcationFunction
  • btpointguess initial guess (x0, p0) for the BT point. It should be a BorderedArray as returned by the function BTPoint
  • par parameters used for the vector field
  • eigenvec guess for the 0 eigenvector
  • eigenvec_ad guess for the 0 adjoint eigenvector
  • options::NewtonPar options for the Newton-Krylov algorithm, see NewtonPar.

Optional arguments:

  • normN = norm
  • bdlinsolver bordered linear solver for the constraint equation
  • jacobian_ma::Symbol = true specify the way the (newton) linear system is solved. Can be (:autodiff, :finitedifferences, :minaug)
  • kwargs keywords arguments to be passed to the regular Newton-Krylov solver

Simplified call

Simplified call to refine an initial guess for a BT point. More precisely, the call is as follows

newton(br::AbstractBranchResult, ind_bt::Int; options = br.contparams.newton_options, kwargs...)

The parameters / options are as usual except that you have to pass the branch br from the result of a call to continuation with detection of bifurcations enabled and index is the index of bifurcation point in br you want to refine. You can pass newton parameters different from the ones stored in br by using the argument options.

Jacobian transpose

The adjoint of the jacobian J is computed internally when Jᵗ = nothing by using transpose(J) which works fine when J is an AbstractArray. In this case, do not pass the jacobian adjoint like Jᵗ = (x, p) -> transpose(d_xF(x, p)) otherwise the jacobian will be computed twice!

ODE problems

For ODE problems, it is more efficient to pass the option jacobian_ma = :autodiff

source
newton_bt(
    br,
    ind_bt;
    probvf,
    normN,
    options,
    nev,
    start_with_eigen,
    bdlinsolver,
    bdlinsolver_adjoint,
    kwargs...
)

This function turns an initial guess for a Bogdanov-Takens point into a solution to the Bogdanov-Takens problem based on a Minimally Augmented formulation.

Arguments

  • br results returned after a call to continuation
  • ind_bif bifurcation index in br

Optional arguments:

  • options::NewtonPar, default value br.contparams.newton_options
  • normN = norm
  • options You can pass newton parameters different from the ones stored in br by using this argument options.
  • jacobian_ma::Symbol = true specify the way the (newton) linear system is solved. Can be (:autodiff, :finitedifferences, :minaug)
  • bdlinsolver bordered linear solver for the constraint equation
  • start_with_eigen = false whether to start the Minimally Augmented problem with information from eigen elements.
  • kwargs keywords arguments to be passed to the regular Newton-Krylov solver
ODE problems

For ODE problems, it is more efficient to pass the option jacobian = :autodiff

start_with_eigen

For ODE problems, it is more efficient to pass the option start_with_eigen = true

source

References

  • Govaerts

    Govaerts, Willy J. F. Numerical Methods for Bifurcations of Dynamical Equilibria. Philadelphia, Pa: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2000.

  • Blank

    Blank, H. J. de, Yu. A. Kuznetsov, M. J. Pekkér, and D. W. M. Veldman. “Degenerate Bogdanov–Takens Bifurcations in a One-Dimensional Transport Model of a Fusion Plasma.” Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 331 (September 15, 2016): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2016.05.008.

  • Bindel

    Bindel, D., M. Friedman, W. Govaerts, J. Hughes, and Yu.A. Kuznetsov. “Numerical Computation of Bifurcations in Large Equilibrium Systems in Matlab.” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 261 (May 2014): 232–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2013.10.034.